Airway Foreign Bodies: An Updated Review For Emergency and Intensive Care Unit Professionals

Document Type : Review articles

Authors

1 Ministry of Defense, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

2 QASSIM ARMED FORCES HOSPITAL

3 AL-KHARJ ARMED FORCES HOSPITALS

4 Prince Sultan Military Medical City

10.21608/jicem.2025.397262.1061

Abstract

Background: Foreign body aspiration (FBA) is a critical medical emergency, particularly in pediatric populations, where it ranks as the fourth leading cause of accidental death in children under five. The clinical presentation varies from acute airway obstruction to subtle, chronic respiratory symptoms, often leading to misdiagnosis. Emergency and ICU professionals must recognize high-risk scenarios to ensure timely intervention. Aim: This review provides an updated, comprehensive guide for emergency and critical care teams on the diagnosis, management, and prevention of FBA, emphasizing early recognition and interprofessional collaboration. Methods: The review synthesizes current literature on FBA epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies. It highlights evidence-based approaches, including radiographic evaluation, rigid bronchoscopy, and emergency airway interventions. Results: FBA most commonly affects children under five, with food items like peanuts and hotdogs posing the highest risk. Acute upper airway obstruction requires immediate surgical intervention, while distal obstructions may present chronic wheezing or recurrent infections. Rigid bronchoscopy remains the gold standard for diagnosis and treatment. Delayed intervention increases complications such as pneumonia, bronchiectasis, and airway stenosis. Conclusion: Early recognition and prompt bronchoscopic removal are crucial for favorable outcomes. Prevention relies on caregiver education, food modification, and adherence to toy safety regulations. Emergency and ICU teams must maintain a high index of suspicion, particularly in pediatric and high-risk populations.

Keywords

References

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